Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are non-digestible, complex carbohydrates and the third most abundant solid component of human breast milk.
Over 200 structurally distinct HMOs have been identified, with their composition and concentration varying according to lactation stage, maternal genetics, and species.
Milk oligosaccharides deliver powerful benefits — shaping the gut microbiota, protecting against pathogens, and supporting immune and brain development. They therefore hold significant promise for infant and food nutrition, e.g., as prebiotics, supplements, or therapeutics.
